Example of intraday trading positions
Specifically, leverage can be activated or adjusted at any time during normal market hours (9:30 AM to 4:00 PM Eastern Time). Once the intraday window (9:31 AM to 3:45 PM Eastern Time) is exceeded or the position is held overnight, leverage requirements will be tightened. The specific tightening level varies depending on the type of instrument. All intraday trades with leverage exceeding the limit will be forcibly liquidated 15 minutes before the market closes, at 3:45 PM Eastern Time, to mitigate overnight risk. Lighter Lighter’s strategy is more direct. During the market closure, Lighter chose to freeze the market in a relatively safe state: entering reduce-only mode, which means that you can only reduce your position, not increase your position or adjust leverage, in order to continue to amplify the risk. During trading hours, its RWA assets are no different from ordinary crypto assets, with prices updated and orders matched normally; however, once the market closes, the index price stops updating, and the mark price can only fluctuate around the current point by a maximum of 0.5% to avoid drastic deviations. Funding fees are still being charged as normal, but new active trades cannot be executed. How do we profit from dividends? When it comes to US stock perpetual contracts, there’s an unavoidable question: stocks pay dividends, but what about the contracts? Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin never pay dividends; their price is simply their price. However, companies like Apple and Microsoft pay their shareholders every quarter. In the traditional stock market, the share price automatically drops on the ex-dividend date—for example, if a stock is worth $100 and pays a $2 dividend, it becomes $98 after the ex-dividend date. This is where the problem arises in perpetual contracts: if nothing is done, wouldn’t short sellers be making a free $2 profit? Just by opening a short position before the dividend payout, they can sit back and wait for the stock price to drop and make money—isn’t that a sure-fire way to profit from arbitrage? Let’s take a look at how these three platforms each demonstrate their unique strengths in this issue. trade.xyz Trade.xyz’s solution is to include the dividend in the funding rate. Assuming the oracle price is $100, it jumps to $98 at future time T due to a $2 dividend payout. For each hour prior to T, the token price must exhibit a smooth discount curve. At time T-1, to prevent arbitrage, the funding fee paid by the short seller must be exactly equal to the profit gained from the price falling from the mark price to $98. According to the funding rate formula: Funding Rate = (Mark Price – Oracle Price) / Oracle Price + Cutoff Function (…) Because the mark price is lower than the oracle price, the funding rate becomes negative. A negative funding rate means that the short seller has to pay the long seller. Going back to T-2 and T-3, the mark price will gradually slide from 99.95, 99.90… all the way down to 98.975. Every hour, the short seller has to pay a funding fee to the long seller.Image source: https://oldcoinbad.com/p/non-arbitrage-conditions-for-perpetual
The final result is that the short sellers appear to have made a profit of $2 from the price difference (100→98), but they have paid it all out through funding fees; the long sellers nominally lost $2 (the price dropped from 100 to 98), but they made up for it through funding fees, which is equivalent to receiving dividends. Ostium Ostium, however, argues that perpetual contracts track price fluctuations, not the stock itself. Since you don’t actually own Apple stock, why should you receive dividends? A contract is a contract; price fluctuations are the only thing that matters. Therefore, on Ostium: the price will fall as expected on the ex-dividend date, and the price follows the oracle; there will be no compensation for long positions through funding rates; and no additional fees will be charged to short positions. Wouldn’t the bulls be at a disadvantage? Ostium uses another mechanism to balance this: the rollover fee. What is a rollover fee? Simply put, it’s the time cost of holding a position, similar to the financing cost or return of holding real stocks. Its characteristics include: asymmetry between long and short positions: the fees for long and short positions may be different; compound interest per block: calculations are performed every block (approximately every few seconds), but you won’t notice; settlement upon closing the position: the fee isn’t deducted in real time, but rather calculated together when you close the position. The rollover fee will be displayed on the Net Margin (L/S) label. Hovering the mouse over it will display a tooltip explaining the fees for different rollover periods. In other words, if you go long on a stock, the rollover fee may be positive; if you go short, the rollover fee may be negative. This rollover fee mechanism indirectly reflects holding costs, including the impact of dividends. Although Ostium does not directly handle dividends, through rollover fees and oracle adjustments, the profits and losses for both long and short positions are ultimately relatively fair. Lighter The Lighter documentation does not explicitly state how dividends are handled, but based on the mechanism, it should rely on price adjustments made by oracles. In other words: if the spot price falls on the ex-dividend date, the oracle price will also fall; if the contract mark price does not follow suit, a negative premium will occur; the negative premium leads to a negative funding rate, with the short seller paying the long seller; eventually, a balance is reached. This approach is actually similar to Trade.xyz, except that Lighter does not emphasize the handling of dividends separately, but rather incorporates them into the overall price tracking mechanism. It’s also worth noting that Lighter has a funding rate cap of ±0.5% per hour. This is to prevent funding rates from skyrocketing during extreme market conditions, protecting traders from being overwhelmed by excessive fees. لخص The Product-Market Fit (PMF) of US stock perpetual contracts has been preliminarily validated. Data shows that trade.xyz’s cumulative trading volume has exceeded $2 billion, and during NVDA’s earnings release period, it even set a single-day trading record of $200 million, with a trading volume of approximately $734 million in the past 24 hours. Lighter’s overall trading volume and open interest (OI) data are impressive, with a trading volume of $7.16 billion and OI of $1.634 billion in the past 24 hours. However, since Lighter only recently launched US stock trading, data on US stock transactions is limited, and there is no highly reliable data source to track. Now let’s look at Ostium. The total trading volume is over $27.2 billion, with $138 million traded in the past 24 hours. According to data from Ostium on Dune regarding US stock futures trading, daily trading volume for US stock futures has now exceeded $50 million. The open interest (OI) curve for US stock futures trading reached its historical peak in October of this year, at approximately $64 million, and has now fallen back to around $45 million. The OI also shows that Ostium’s open interest for US stock futures accounts for 20% of its total open interest.However, amidst the excitement, it’s important to remind all US stock perpetual contract traders: the efficiency of financial markets is ruthless; the allure of 100x leverage comes with 100x risk. Those interested in US stock perpetual contracts are advised to start with small positions and low leverage.
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